1861 Was the peak of the whaling industry and the discovery of kerosene as a fuel.
In 1896, armed with Tesla’s AC patents, George Westinghouse won the contract (against Edison and D.C.) to build the ancestor of today’s power generation facilities at Niagra Falls. (The War of the Currents)
Edison’s campaign to discredit AC power:
Our Earth behaves like an enormous electric circuit. Our atmosphere is actually a weak conductor and if there were no sources of charge, its existing electric charge would diffuse away in about 10 minutes. There is a ‘cavity ‘defined by the surface of the Earth and the inner edge of the ionosphere 55 kilometers up.
At any moment, the total charge residing in this cavity is 500,000 Coulombs (1Coulomb = 1A/second). There is a vertical current flow between the ground and the ionosphere of 1 – 3 x 10^-12 Amperes per square meter. The resistance of the atmosphere is 200 Ohms. The voltage potential is 200,000 Volts.
The Schumann Resonances are quasi standing wave electromagnetic waves that exist in this cavity. Like waves on a spring, they are not present all the time, but have to be ‘excited’ to be observed. They are not caused by anything internal to the Earth, its crust or its core. They seem to be related to electrical activity in the atmosphere, particularly during times of intense lightning activity. They occur at several frequencies between 6 and 50 cycles per second; specifically 7.8, 14, 20, 26, 33, 39 and 45 Hertz, with a daily variation of about +/- 0.5 Hertz. So long as the properties of Earth’s electromagnetic cavity remains about the same, these frequencies remain the same.
Given that the earth’s atmosphere carries a charge, a current and a voltage, he presence of electromagnetic waves is expected. The resonant properties of this terrestrial cavity were first predicted by the German physicist W. O. Schumann between 1952 and 1957, and first detected by Schumann in 1954. Much of the research in the last 20 years has been conducted by the Department of the Navy who investigate Extremely Low Frequency communication with submarines.
In 2012, NASA satellites recorded the sounds from our magnetosphere
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A farad is the charge in coulombs which a capacitor will accept for the potential across it to change 1 volt. A coulomb is 1 ampere second. Example: The voltage across a capacitor with capacitance of 47 nF will increase by 1 volt per second with a 47 nA input current.
The average lightning bolt contains 30,000 amperes.
The maximum voltage V induced in a coil of wire whose wire turns intersect a changing magnetic field is given by:
V = A x N x dB/dT
V = generator output voltage (volts)
A = cross sectional area of the coil of radius r (A =πr² in meters²)
N = number of turns of wire in the coil
dB/dT = the rate of change of the magnetic field (Tesla / sec)
The way I understand things, the voltage (V) generated by my construction is proportional to the strength of the magnets (M – tesla) and the rate at which they are spun (dM/dt tesla per sec), the area (A – m2) of the coil(s) and the number of turns of wire (N), so V = N x A x dM/dt so if you have N = 1000 turns, magnet surface strength (for 1 magnet) = 1 tesla, rate of turning = 5 turns a sec (so dM/dT = 5 tesla / sec), area A = 0.001m2 then V = 1000 x 0.001 x 5 = 5 V (peak).
The Magnets used in this construction are rated by the manufacturer at 13,200 Gauss or 1.32 Tesla.
The magnetic strength of the earth (stronger at the poles, weaker at the equator) is measured in nano Teslas.
After building and testing the electrical energy gathering coils (?), I’d like to look at Lenz’s Law.When Jeff showed our class a demonstration of power generation, I was impressed by the visible effects of Lenz’s law when an electrical load was placed on the hand-cranked generator.
” Lenz’s law states that the current induced in a circuit due to a change in the magnetic field is so directed as to oppose the change in flux or to exert a mechanical force opposing the motion.” – Heinrich Lenz, 1834
We are surrounded by this effect – and the work that it does.
I have reading and visualizing about the physics and models of magnetic waves, induction, electro-magnetic fields (EMF), magnetic moments, which brought me to Lenz’s law.
The subject is complex and filled with calculus the nuances of which are difficult to comprehend.
Looking at the “Cliff Notes” version, the concept is straight forward:
Field energy
The electric field stores energy. The energy density of the electric field is given by:
In general the incremental amount of work per unit volume δW needed to cause a small change of magnetic field δB is:
Conservation of momentum
Momentum must be conserved in the process, so if q_1 is pushed in one direction, then q_2 ought to be pushed in the other direction by the same force at the same time. However, the situation becomes more complicated when the finite speed of electromagnetic wave propagation is introduced (see retarded potential).
This means that for a brief period of time, the total momentum of the two charges is not conserved, implying that the difference should be accounted for by momentum in the fields … Maxwell called this the “electromagnetic momentum” … Wikipedia .
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